فصلنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی
پیاپی 55 (پاییز 1401)

was to determine the effect of exercise training, higher cardiopulmonary fitness and/or physical activity history on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv) in healthy subjects.

Interventions investigated on healthy adults published in peer-reviewed journals up to July 2020 were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, SID and Magiran databases. Totally, 14 studies (including on 21 interventions) comprised from those with pre- and post-intervention design (7 studies) and others with ex post facto design (7 studies) fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The random effects model was used for analysis of the data reported as Difference in Means using CMA2 software. Moreover, correlations between the effect sizes of exercise training or physical fitness level on MCAv with subjects’ age, maximal oxygen consumption, mean arterial pressure, body weight, body mass index, resting heart rate, end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure and also with the duration of exercise training were assessed using simple random model meta-regression.

Exercise training causes a non-significant increase of 0.569 cm/s in MCAv (p= 0.60) regardless of the subjects’ characteristics as well as the number of training weeks. Additionally, no significant correlations were observed in Meta regression assessments (p>0.05).

At present it is not possible to rely on the effects of exercise training, higher cardiopulmonary fitness and/or subjects’ exercise history to improve cerebral blood flow or prevent its reduction. However, more clinical trials are still warranted to be done in this area.

the aim of this study was to comparison of 12 weeks of high intensity interval training and continues training on SIRT3 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in gastrocnemius muscle of aged female Wistar rats.

15 female Wistar rats (age= 18 month, weight= 270-350 g) were chosen and divided into 3 groups; high intensity interval training (HIIT), Continues training (CT), and Control. After determining rat’s VO2max, progressive HIIT and CT protocols were designed with the intensity corresponds to 85-90% VO2max and 65-70 % VO2max, respectively and training duration in HIIT was approximately half of CT. 48 hours after the last training session, rats were sacrificed and their gastrocnemius muscle samples were saved for further analysis.

This study showed a significant difference of SIRT3 between HIIT, CT, and control group (p=0.001) (Control

Multiple sclerosis is the most common non-traumatic debilitating disease that affects the memory of affected people in addition to motor disabilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of improving short- and long-term exercise on spatial memory impairment induced by ethidium bromide injection in the CA region of the hippocampus of male rats.

This study was performed on seven groups of 7 male rats with an average age of 10 weeks and a weight range of 200±50 grams, including: control group, sham group, ethidium bromide group, two groups under short and long term exercise and two ethidium bromide + exercise experimental groups. Morris water maze was used to measure spatial memory.

Injection of 3 μl of ethidium bromide 0.01 into the CA1 region of the hippocampus on the third to fifth days of experiments reduced spatial memory-related parameters (P < 0.05). In addition, applying of short and long-term exercise courses was able to improve the parameters of elapsed time (P < 0.05) and distance traveled (P < 0.05) to find the platform in the third to fifth days of the experiment due to the effect of ethidium bromide in the Morris water maze.

Despite the beneficial effect of exercise on improving the memory of rats, the results of the study showed that, short-term exercise course has a greater effect on improving the memory of poisoned rats induced by ethidium bromide injection in a 7-day period than long-term exercise.

The purpose of this study was to developing and updating physical fitness norm for men and women aged 18-60 years of Ardabil province. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 400 men and 400 women aged 18-60 years old with a mean age of 28.16 years, from different regions of Ardabil were recruited by cluster and random sampling and divided into different age classes. In this study, body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), fat percentage, cardio-respiratory fitness, strength of hands (hand grip) with a hand dynamometer, Endurance of shoulder girdle muscles (modified push up), Flexibility, and endurance of abdominal muscles (curl up) measured in subjects. Descriptive statistics were used to classify data, mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum variables. In the inferential statistics section, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to distribute the normality of the data and the independent t-test was used to examine the differences between groups. The findings of this study showed that the mean cardio respiratory fitness 44.13 ml/kg.min (men) and 39.83 ml/kg.min (women), body fat percentage 14.29 (men) and 21.94 (women), BMI 24.8 (men) and 24.2 (women), endurance of abdominal muscles 36.89 (men) and 28.20 (women), Flexibility 29.41 (men) and 29.11 (women). According to the obtained results, the physical condition of men and women in Ardabil province is in a favorable condition that the findings of the present study can be used as a reference for future research in the field of health at different ages.

Diabetes is a syndrome of metabolic that courses of chronic hyperglycemia, stress oxidative and inflammation. The aimed this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on gene expression of transforming growth factor Beta (TGFβ) and integrin in the liver of male rat diabetics. In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 per groups: diabetes (D), control (C), exercise (E) and diabetes and exercise (ED). Then 16 rats got infected with diabetes by STZ injection. Groups E and ED performed aerobic exercise protocol five sessions per week for eight weeks. Then, liver tissue was extracted, and gene expression were measured using RT-PCR and protein expression of TGFβ and integrin were measured using immunohistochemistry and western blotting methods respectively. RNA was calculated using the formula 2-δδCT and the data were analyzed using ANOVA. The results showed that the gene and protein expression of TGFβ in group D was significantly higher than group C and the protein expression of TGFβ in group ED was significantly reduced compared to group D but was still significantly higher than group C (P<0.001). Also in group E, TGFB protein expression decreased significantly compared to group C (P<0.001). Gene expression of integrin was significantly higher in groups D and ED than group C and its protein expression were significantly lower (P<0.001). Finally, the findings showed that early in diabetes, increased TGFβ protein expression in liver tissue and decreased integrin and endurance training reverses these changes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of resistance exercises of high volume (HV) and high intensity (HI) on α2bβ3 receptor, and markers of platelet activation and function. Among the volunteers, 10 individuals familiar with resistance training (6 women and 4 men; age, 28±5 years; weight, 67.1± 10.7 kg; height, 168±9 cm) performed two resistance exercises of HV and HI including 5 exercises. In HV protocol subjects performed 4 sets of 10-12 repetitions at 70% of 1RM with 1 min rest between sets and exercises and in HI protocol subjects performed 4 sets of 3-5 repetitions at 90% of 1RM with 3 min rest between sets and exercises. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after exercise and after 30 min recovery for measuring PDW, PLT, MPV, PAC1, CD41a, CD42b and CD62p. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures of ANOVA. Significant increases in blood lactate levels, PLT following resistance exercise were higher in response to HI protocol were higher than HV protocol. The results showed a significant decrease in CD41a (α2bβ3 receptor) and CD42b, and a significant increase in PAC1 and CD62p (p<0.05). Changes in CD41a, CD62p, and PAC1 were higher following HI than the HV protocol (p<0.05). Based on the findings of present study it could be concluded that α2bβ3 receptor, markers of platelet activation and function change in response to resistance exercise and that intensity of resistance exercise is more effective than volume of exercise.